Columbus Dbq

In the year 1492, pioneer Christopher Columbus cruised from Spain to what he accepted to be India. That is a reality which can't be questioned. In any case, it is frequently the situation that history specialists are one-sided in their composition and include their very own convictions and translations into records of what occurred. A case of this is history specialist Davis E. Stannard’s disputable book, American Holocaust: Columbus and the Conquest of the New World.Stannard utilizes realities to help his conviction that Columbus and the travelers to emulate his example are answerable for a mass annihilation of the Indian people groups. Columbus’s captain’s log does a lot to negate Stannard’s sees. Columbus expresses that he wants â€Å"†¦the locals to build up a cordial demeanor toward us [the Spanish voyagers and settler]. † Columbus needs no damage to go to the Natives and ensures that exchange between the locals and his men isn't unfair.He may have been somewhat confused with his endeavors to secretive the locals to Christianity, however he himself composes that â€Å"†¦they are a people who can be made free and changed over to our Holy Faith more purchase love than forcibly. † Columbus wouldn't like to carry any kind of mischief to the Natives, and accepts â€Å"†¦that in all the world there can't be better or increasingly delicate individuals. † The impression one may have of Columbus exclusively from perusing this record unmistakably contrasts from the perspective on Columbus that Stannard emphasizes.Bartolome de Las Casa’s History of the Indies reveals an insight into the brutalities that the Spanish were able to do, yet dedicated on an everyday premise. De Las Casa helps support Stannard’s theory and grandstands the unpleasant deeds performed by the Spaniards regularly. The Spanish officers would butcher the Natives â€Å"†¦like sheep in a corral. † They would re gularly put down wagers to quantify their quality, for example, who could slice a Native down the middle with a solitary blow, or cut of their heads the quickest.They has no benevolence, and tried to â€Å"†¦prevent Indians from endeavoring to hope for themselves as individuals or in any event, having a moment to think by any stretch of the imagination. † The warriors didn’t flicker an eye at working whole clan to death or simply executing them for sport, emphatically supporting Stannard’s guarantee of ruinous destruction. Goes in Quivira by Francesco Coronado gives no help to Stannard’s proposal. Truth be told, the archive serves to debate Stannard totally. Coronado was investigating present day Arizona, New Mexico, and Colorado. He was scanning for the incredible Seven Cities of Cibula.The locals had revealed to him that these brilliant urban areas were situated toward the north and Coronado hurt them not the slightest bit. In the wake of finding n o gold, Coronado’s guides uncovered to him that they had, at the sets of the Natives, drove him through uninhabited pastries trying to starve him and his organization to death. Stannard is firm in his constitution that it was the Spanish who weren't right, not the Natives. While this report is only one case of the Native’s bad behaviors, it exhibits that the two gatherings had a lot of wrong doings just as a lot of kindness.The investigation and settlement of the New World was not taken care of just as it ought to have been, however both the Natives and the Spanish had a lot of saints and lowlifess. Columbus fell into neither of these classifications. He genuinely accepted that he rewarded the Natives evenhandedly, and, generally, he did. He did, in any case, open the entryway for other, crueler, individuals to come in. The Natives can't be lumped into fortunate or unfortunate in this circumstance either. There were thoughtful Natives, for example, the individuals who met with Columbus, yet there were additionally merciless Natives, for example, the individuals who endeavored to lead Francesco Coronado to his demise.

Working More and Feeling Better – Journal Article Summary

Reference Schnittker, Jason. 2007. â€Å"Working More and Feeling Better: Women’s Health, Employment, and Family Life, 1974-2004. American Sociological Review 72(2):221-238. This examination explores the connection between women’s work and wellbeing not at all like different investigations, which have utilized emotional wellness as the result. The exploration addresses tended to in this investigation were: Has the wellbeing of ladies improved or declined? Has the sex hole in wellbeing adjusted and, provided that this is true, why?Does coordinating long work hours with thinking about a youngster lessen the connection among business and wellbeing and, assuming this is the case, have current work-family designs controlled any additions in wellbeing? Schnittker remembered changes for creation (e. g. , are more ladies enduring since more ladies are joining their occupations with bringing up a youngster) and changes in affiliation (e. g. , do the checked upgrades in wellbein g identified with work exercise with the introduction of a youngster). The adjustments in arrangement and changes in affiliation were inspected with combined patterns in health.The autonomous factors in this examination were women’s work hours, instruction and family salary. The reliant variable was self-appraised wellbeing. Revealed work hours were isolated into four classes and the reference classification was â€Å"not working† for this examination. A few control factors were, too, that are identified with getting patterns. Instruction was separated into four classifications with â€Å"less than high school† as the reference classification. Family pay utilized a consistent of $1, 986 dollars.Schnittker examined whether youngsters were in the home as opposed to centering what number of kids due to the different work-family changes and various degrees of obligation that accompany children’s various ages. For this examination, separate sham factors were u tilized having a youngster younger than 6 and having a kid somewhere in the range of 6 and 17 years of age with having no kids younger than 18 years of age directly in the home. The investigation utilized information from the aggregate General Social Survey (GSS) taken between 1974-2004. The GSS is spoken to broadly and utilizes a territory likelihood sample.The study asked responders to self-rate their wellbeing as poor, reasonable, food, or incredible. Self-appraised wellbeing predicts sexual orientation contrasts, is a marker of bleakness and indicator of mortality. Discoveries from the GSS were checked utilizing the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) taken between 1997-2004. The NHIS likewise gave information concerning the present wellbeing patterns. Information from the NHIS was delivered by close to home in-home meetings. The patterns in the sexual orientation wellbeing hole in this investigation utilized controls for year, sex, communications among sex and year, and age and age-squared.Age and age-squared were utilized to represent the maturing populace, which is indispensable for this examination since there are sex contrasts in future. Discoveries recommend that the sex hole shut fundamentally during the 30-year time frame. Women’s self-wellbeing has fundamentally improved and men’s self-evaluated wellbeing somewhat expanded until 1990. Men’s self-evaluated wellbeing has been on a consistent decay since the time at that point. These outcomes recommend a connection between the patterns in women’s developing self-evaluated wellbeing and the sex hole closing.Once Schnittker utilized controls for instruction in his examination it indicated that the upgrades in women’s wellbeing can be owing to training. At the point when instruction was supplanted with work status and family pay it demonstrated that a portion of the enhancements in women’s wellbeing can be credited to the ascent in women’s business, h owever not close as much as training. The connection between work-family examples and wellbeing were inspected when Schnittker presented whether the responder had a youngster. His discoveries additionally show that work hours and having a little youngster are very related.He discovered that having a kid under 6 causes a decrease in jobs positive effects on wellbeing. Controls for money marginally diminished the negative relationship. Discoveries concerning the connection between work hours and having a kid in the home show that fathers report developed self-evaluated wellbeing when working all day and mothers’ self-appraised wellbeing radically diminished. All the more quite, the discoveries show that the two people report more regrettable self-appraised wellbeing when the consolidate work with bringing up children.Out of every single autonomous variable, the one that affected the lessening of the sexual orientation hole was business. Training, work hours, and having a youngs ter all influenced the end of the sexual orientation hole, yet not as altogether as business. Schnittker’s discoveries additionally propose that self-evaluated wellbeing for ladies would improve considerably more if their normal work hours were exactly the same as men’s normal work hours. Another eminent discovering comes out of the incorporation of family salary. His discoveries propose that if the wages of ladies were equivalent to the bets of men their self-evaluated wellbeing would improve significantly.He likewise found that the development of the time tie has stifled women’s self-appraised wellbeing, particularly as of late. (Schnittker 2007; 233). He likewise found that the time tie just somewhat stifled women’s self-evaluated wellbeing and that in the long haul, more ladies working and accomplishing more significant levels of training have had substantially more of an effect on their self-appraised wellbeing. Schnittker’s results show that training and work are to a great extent affecting the sex hole. Schnittker’s study demonstrates that women’s wellbeing on normal was accounted for to be more awful than men’s.The factors which he characteristics the distinction self-evaluated wellbeing are the patterns identified with women’s expanded nearness in the work power and the expansion in the quantity of ladies a more significant levels on training. Schnittker’s study is wonderful. His discoveries are solid explanations behind change to happen with the work terms of ladies today. Self-evaluated wellbeing is faulty since it is â€Å"self-rated†. Likewise, the term â€Å"health† in the examination could be physical wellbeing or psychological wellness. Schnittker properties the His work demonstrates that more research is required here of study.

The Five Best Methods for Taking Notes in College

The Five Best Methods for Taking Notes in College One of the keys to success in college is effective note-taking. Taking quality notes will help you to manage large amounts of complex material. The idea is to summarize what youve learned using your own words. When you focus on key concepts and condense them, it will help you to remember them more effectively. It makes studying and reviewing material a less difficult task. This is key to success on your exams. The type of technique you choose will depend on the course you are taking and your learning style. This guide will take you through how to use some of the most popular and effective methods of note taking.1. The Outline MethodThe outline method is probably the most popular method used by students. This method is perhaps the best when it comes to summarizing the main points of a lecture. The method works best in classes that follow a logical structure. It helps you to structure complex material and reduce it down to the main points. As the name suggests, you use an outline struc ture to list the main topics and subtopics. First, write down the main ideas or topics on the far left of the page. Next, indent and write down a subtopic related to the main topic. Underneath the sub-topic you may want to list any supporting facts or details. Here are a few tips for using this method:Write down the most important points as main topics.List subordinate or sub-topics underneath them after indenting.Make sure to include any relevant details or facts after your sub-topics.Use this method when you have a class with a logical structure. If your professor doesnt use the lecture method or structure, you might want to consider a different method.This method is effective because it reduces complex material to key concepts. It is not as effective in classes that make use of graphs, charts or complex statistics such as math course.Here is an example of how to structure your notes using this method:Outline MethodWrite down your main topic.List your sub-topic related to the main topic.Include any relevant details or facts supporting the topic.2. Concept MappingConcept mapping, also known as mind-mapping, is an effective way of taking notes in classes with interrelated concepts. It is also useful for helping you to go more in-depth about a particular topic. Subjects such as Science, History, or Philosophy are perfect classes for this method. First, begin by drawing a large bubble in the center with the most general topic. Secondly, draw smaller bubbles with other concepts related to this concept. Connect them to the main topic by drawing lines to connect them. Later, you can add other bubbles that add details or further connect the ideas or concepts that you are learning about. Here are some key things to remember when using this method of note-taking:List your main topic in a large bubble in the center of your paper such as Causes of World War 1List the related sub-topics or facts in smaller bubbles connected to the main concept.Later add other small bubbl es with facts that connect the sub-topics if applicable.Use this method when you want to connect concepts and understand how they are interrelated. This would not be effective in classes that demand memorization of large amounts of facts.Use brief descriptions or labels in your bubbles. Do not attempt to write long sentences in your bubbles.Below is an example of the use of this method using a History topic:Concept MappingAn example of Concept Mapping3. The Cornell MethodThe Cornell method has a different layout than many other methods. It involves a large section at the top for the title. In the center is a section for the main notes or concepts divided into two columns. The smaller column on the left is used for questions and key words from the lecture. The larger right column is used for the main notes and key facts. It is best to use abbreviations here to save space. At the bottom is a section for you to summarize what you learned. To summarize information, read what youve writt en and try to rewrite it using your own words. Here are some tips to apply when using this method:This method is effective for most types of lectures.It is a systematic way to summarize material and focus on the main ideas behind the concepts you are learning.It does require some advance planning. Draw your layout before you go into your lecture by hand or using a computer.Place your main topic or title at the top. Reserve the majority of the middle section for the main notes. In the smaller left column, list the keywords or questions. In the larger right column, write down your main notes, using abbreviations when you can. Try and summarize your concepts in the bottom section. If you can put the information in your own words, it will help you to remember it later.Here is an example of the Cornell Method:An example of the Cornell Method4. The Sentence MethodThe sentence method is perhaps the simplest method of taking notes, but it can be effective. When you are taking a course that is fast-paced and involves large amounts of information, this method works best. It involves simply writing down a quick summary sentence for the important facts being covered in a course. This allows you to have pared-down information to just the most important or relevant topics. It doesnt involve any advance planning and can be used for any college class. Here are some things to remember when using this method:Use it to summarize the main facts delivered in a lecture, especially ones that deliver large amounts of information in a fast manner.Every new line should be a separate topic, using headings for the topic if that helps you.This method is great for remembering the main points or facts of a class lecture.It does not require any advance planning to use it.Here is an example of the sentence method:Main topic (listed at the top of the page):A sentence involving relevant details pertaining to the topic.A sentence involving a separate concept/details pertaining to the same topic. A sentence involving a separate concept/details from the first two but related to the same topic.5. The Charting MethodThe charting method is best used to organize more complex material. This would be an effective way to organize statistics or other more detailed information. Set it up similarly to a spreadsheet with specific categories in your columns. This can be done on a computer or can be hand-written. The categories should be comparable and related. It may not be the best way to list information that is hard to categorize. It is also time-consuming, but is highly effective for facts and statistics that need to be memorized. Like the Cornell Method, you will need to draw your columns beforehand or create them using your computer. Keep these tips in mind as you implement this method:Use the charting method to summarize material that requires categorization such as science concepts.Either draw or use your computer to create separate columns before you try and use it.The categorie s that you create should be interrelated. This method is designed specifically to illustrate the interconnectedness of concepts and categories.This is probably not the best method for taking lecture notes. However, it is highly effective when reading textbooks and trying to break down complex material.Below is an example of the charting method using Scientific Classification:An example of the Charting MethodThe method that you use to take notes should depend on the nature of your course and your learning style. If you like to have highly organized summaries of lecture material, the outline method may work best. The outline method works best in classes where material is organized. When you need to learn how concepts are related to one another, the concept mapping method may be most effective. Sometimes, putting key words and concepts together by summarizing them in your own words works best. This involves the use of the Cornell method. If you are taking a class that is fast-paced and involves loads of information, use the sentence method. Use the charting method for courses that require you to use statistics or detailed information.Decide which method works best for you and the course you are taking. Feel free to experiment with different methods to find the right one. Once you do, you will find it easier to digest important information. Effective note-taking leads to effective learning. This will help ensure your success on exams and in your college classes.

The Ideology Of Overcoming Inequality - 1681 Words

The ideology of overcoming inequality can be very complex in which many people around the world still suffer from social inequality today. Although this issue has been around for many years, through the support from social welfare agencies, human service organizations and working together as a community assists on constructing a much healthier and stable society for individuals to live in. Social agencies and human service organizations occur so that services and resources of our social welfare system can be distributed to people in need. The concept of a social agency can be a private or government run organization that have locations purposes set out in the form of mission and policy statements and programs designed to provide services to defined groups of clients. It is â€Å"a structured unit, sanctioned by society, whose goals and activities focus on meeting human needs† (Turner, 209). Majority of social agencies are considered to be primary social work settings in which is known to have professional social workers. With human service organizations, they are recognized as secondary settings for social work practice such as hospitals, schools, government departments; as these human service organizations employ social workers. Without out the help and support from social agencies and human service organizations, it is difficult to visualize Canadian society without them as their existence offers individuals human spirit that moves us to care for strangers’ well-being. ForShow MoreRelatedNo Daughter By Sandra Cisneros894 Words   |  4 Pagesoppressed by sexism and racism ideologies, not only based on gender differences, but in skin color, body shape, and culture as well. 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Canada’s diverse population has various needs, and ethnic minorities are amalgamated as outliers as they continue to experience various forms of persistent inequality in the shape of social exclusion (and more specifically, social capitol). The purpose of this essay is to demonstrate why social capitol is important to immigrants, identify immigrant voting patterns in accumulation to how social capitol influences

Essay on Success You can do it! - 1084 Words

You can do it! -SUCCESS- Success is to fulfil a goal that you have set for yourself. Achievement of success involves five components: realisation, confidence, motivation, action and perseverance. Step one is to realise your goal and how to achieve it. Step two is to have the confidence to take the steps towards your goal. Step three is to find motivation to keep you on the path towards you goal. Step four is action, the first physical step you take in the process for success. Step five is perseverance. On the road to success, you will most definitely come to setbacks and struggles. The only way to conquer those things and achieve your goal is to have strong perseverance. As David Brink said, quot;A successful person is one who†¦show more content†¦Without that fuel, you will go nowhere. Motivation can be a number of things. It could be family, money, fame, fear of failure; anything that makes you strive for your goal. My motivations are to: become famous, be able to live comfortably, and to be able to raise a family. I will hold onto these things and will keep moving towards success. Nelson struggled with his motivation, â€Å"I felt impressed with a feeling that I should never rise in my profession. My mind was staggered with the view of the difficulties I had to surmount and the little interest [influential friends] I possessed. I could discover no means of reaching the object of my ambition. After a long and gloomy reverie in which I almost wished myself overboard, a sudden glow of patriotism was kindled within me and presented my king and country as my patron. ‘Well then,’ I exclaimed, ‘I will be a hero and confiding in providence I will brave every danger.’† He found his motivation to be patriotism to his country to be known as a hero. Step 4 – Action Action is the first physical step you will take in success. Action is bringing together realisation, confidence and motivation. This is when all your planning comes together you start actually doing the things you need to get to your goal: putting your plan into action. I got into a group where we film rock concerts. I have also signed for a course on how to use professional video and editing equipment. IShow MoreRelatedThe Success Of Success Quotes1492 Words   |  6 Pagesof us are not living a life of success? Why are so many of us giving up on success and settling for mediocrity? It all has to do with our mindset. We are who we believe we are, just as we are capable of becoming who we believe we can become. That s why success quotes are so important in life. They are quotes from some of the most successful people and they teach us how to not give up on what we want from life and hold onto the vision we have for ourselves. If you are feeling unmotivated and readyRead MoreDreams For The Moon But Reaching The Stars !1007 Words   |  5 Pages Success...dreaming for the moon but reaching the stars! 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Environmental problems caused by gold mining and treatment Free Essays

Gold Mining inevitable damage to the environment, to induce a variety of negative effects of geological environments. Currently, the shortage of resources, population growth, environmental pollution and other issues facing humanity increasingly prominent, visible, in-depth study of mining development and its negative effects induced comprehensive treatment is necessary, its far-reaching. Gold mining-induced negative effects of geological environment, gold mining-induced negative effects of water environment, gold mining-induced negative ecological effects, so eople must be the comprehensive management of the gold mining environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Environmental problems caused by gold mining and treatment or any similar topic only for you Order Now First, you can adopt Vertical Roller Mill for Slag Grinding tailings produced a comprehensive recycling, making people get the maximum benefits. Help people refine utilization of valuable metals or other components. Because many abandoned gold ores and tailings contain some Cu, Pb, Zn, etc. the use of advanced technologies and integrated approach can reclaim this part of the useful elements. One thing is very important that we must understand a lot of the equipment operating rocedures, these appliances and equipment for the treatment and long-term use of the latter part of the environment are very useful. For vertical slag grinding it can refer to the Depth study of occurrence can mine ore, and mechanical properties, and the impact of construction on the mine, predicted negative effects caused by mining to prevent rock moves in the mining process. Already collapsed, sliding rock should be reinforced or filled to prevent it expand. Help restore the ecological balance. When on the selection of mining on the environment more friendly Gold Separation Equipment, in order to mine the aste caused due to mining should be integrated governance, multi-level integrated approach to achieve the waste land reclamation standards, planting plants, recovery ecological balance. Mining is a mineral resource development process necessary means insurmountable, how to reduce the negative effects of the mining process, the development of the mine has effects arising from the comprehensive treatment is necessary, its far-reaching. So, should further strengthen the process of gold mining induced geological environment and its negative effect of Integrated Management of work. How to cite Environmental problems caused by gold mining and treatment, Papers

Particle in a Box Experiment Essay Example

Particle in a Box Experiment Essay The visible absorption bands or conjugated dye arise from electron transitions involving the electrons in the conjugated and they are free to move along the chain and are not attached to any atom. An example of such a dye is 3,3-diethyl-thiacyanine iodide. The cation has two resonance forms causing each of the bonds in the conjugated chain to have an order of 1. 5 and have a length similar to the C? C bond length in benzene. We will assume that the potential energy is constant along the chain and sharply rises to infinity at the ends.Therefore, we can replace the electron system by free electrons moving in a one dimensional box of length . Objective: The purpose of this experiment is to obtain the visible spectra of several cyanine dyes and then interpret them to a simple model of the electronic structure of the ? system: the Particle in a Box. Theoretical Model â€Å"Particle in a Box† In the Particle in a Box model, all potential energy interactions are assumed to be zero (c onstant) along the chain except at ends of the chain where the potential energy abruptly goes to +?. If a particle moving freely along the length of the box the energy an be calculated as : E = n2h28mL2 + V n = 1, 2, 3 †¦ (1) where n is an integer positive quantum number, h is Planck’s constant, m is the mass of the particle and L is the length of the box. If we assume that the most intense band in the experimentally observed spectrum can be interpreted as absorption of electromagnetic radiation by an electron as it is promoted from the HOMO to the LUMO, we can derive the following expression for the energy absorption ? E. E =h2 [2ni+ 1]/ (8mL? ) (2) he absorption wavelength for the HOMO _ LUMO transition is given by: ? = 8mcL? /h (2ni + 1) ni = p p = #e/2 (3) Therefore, the Particle in a Box model predicts that the wavelength of the absorption maximum is a function of chain length (L) and number of p-electrons (N). The adjustable parameter Lmax can be calculated as: ? = 8mc/h(2p+1)[(2p-1)Lb + Lext]2 (4) ?max h/8mc=[2p-1Lb + Lext ]2/ (2p +1) (5) Procedure: In this experiment, we used the following dyes. Dye #1: 3,3-diethyl-thiacyanine iodide (yellow) Dye #2: 3,3-diethylthiacarbocyanine iodide (Pink)Dye #3: 3,3-diethylthiadicarbocyanine iodide (Blue) Dye #4: 3,3-diethylthiatricarbocyanine iodide (Olive) We placed 0. 3 ml of dye solution in the 1- cm cuvette and added 3. 00 ml of water and mixed well. Using the nano drop spectrometer, first cuvette with water was used as a blank and later second Cuvette with dye solution was inserted and measured the absorbance of the sample. Once our absorbance of the highest peak was less than 0. 5 and the absorption spectrum of each dye was between 400-800 we collected the data. Notes On Wavelength:If only changes in electronic energy accompany absorption of light, a very sharp maximum in absorption should be observed at the characteristic wavelength. Although sharp lines are observed for isolated atoms, broad ab sorption bands are observed for substances in liquid phases (due to the accompanying vibrational and rotational transitions). In the experiment, we shall assume that the wavelength ? max, the wavelength at which the dyes absorb most strongly, is the wavelength to use in the equation (5). Data/Result: A UV-Vis absorbance spectrum (Fig 1) was obtained and used to calculate experimental ? ax values for each of the studied cyanine dyes. Fig 1: UV Absorbance Spectrum for Dye 5d, Dye 6, Dye7 and Dye 8b Collected from Nanodrop Based on the data: Dye | Emprical formula | ? max /nm | Lit ? max| 3,3-Diethylthiacyanine Iodide| C19H19IN2S2| 417| 423| 3,3-Diethylthiacarbocyanine Iodide| C21H21IN2S2| 549| 556| 3,3-Diethylthiadicarbocyanine Iodide| C23H23IN2S2| 564| 652| 3,3-Diethylthiatricarbocyanine Iodide| C25H25IN2S2| 744| 757| In order to experimentally to calculate the Lext a plot of h ? 8mc experimental bond length, and P the number of the c atoms in conjugated system (N / 2) was constructe d. Dye| ? (m)| N| h (j. s)| m(Kg)| C (m/s)| h? /8mc| p| 5d| 0. 000000417| 6| 6. 62E-34| 9E-31| 3*10^8| 1. 27803E-19| 3| 6| 0. 000000549| 8| 6. 62E-34| 9E-31| 3*10^8| 1. 68258E-19| 4| 7| 0. 000000564| 10| 6. 62E-34| 9E-31| 3*10^8| 1. 72856E-19| 5| 8b| 0. 000000744| 12| 6. 62E-34| 9E-31| 3*10^8| 2. 28022E-19| 6| Using Regression Wizard: | | | | | y = (((2*x -1)*(0. 139*10^-9) + L)^2) /(2*x+1)| | | | |   | | reduced Chi-square| SDR| sum of squared errors| r^2| | | 4. 6915E-10| 6. 6031E-19| 0. 636| | | Covariance Matrix|   | | |   | | | L|Parameters| Initial Value| Optimized Value| Standard Deviation| | L| 3. 2614E-4| L =| 1. E+0| 6. 1243E-5| 1. 8059E-2| | | | | | | | | | | | x| y| y_calc| error| | 3| 1. 27803E-19| 5. 35822E-10| -5. 3582E-10| | 4| 1. 68258E-19| 4. 16754E-10| -4. 1675E-10| | 5| 1. 72856E-19| 3. 40984E-10| -3. 4098E-10| | 6| 2. 28022E-19| 2. 88527E-10| -2. 8853E-10| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | Lb= 1. 39E-10 Calculation of Lext based on equati on (5) Dye| P| ? (m)| ((2p-1)*0. 139*10^-9 +Lx)^2/(2p+1)| 5d| 3| 4. 17E-07| 2. 51*10^-10| 6| 4| 5. 9E-07| 2. 56*10^-10| 7| 5| 5. 64E-07| 1. 72*10^-10| 8b| 6| 7. 44E-07| 1. 92*10^-10| Uncertainties in ? max: See the attachment Conclusion: The spectrum obtained from Nanodrop revealed that 3,3-Diethylthiacyanine Iodide and 3,3-Diethylthiacarbocyanine Iodide have fairly broad spectral band compare to, 3,3-Diethylthiadicarbocyanine Iodide and 3,3-Diethylthiatricarbocyanine Iodide. This can be due to the electronic transitions from state to state which occur within a time interval much shorter than that of a molecular vibration and also experimental error was responsible for the lack of resolution.The collected electrically spectra were useful in comparison of experimentally and theoretically predicted ? max values and it shows that the experimentally determined values are close to the predicted value. Extracting Lext from equation (5) for each dye doesn’t follow the observed trend in the absorption maxima. For 3,3-Diethylthiacyanine Iodide and 3,3-Diethylthiacarbocyanine Iodide dyes as ni increases Lext and ? max increases and in 3,3-Diethylthiadicarbocyanine Iodide and 3,3-Diethylthiatricarbocyanine Iodide, Lext decreases as ni increases. The experimentally calculated Lext for compounds 1-4 was determined to be 6. 2E-5 m which doesn’t seem sensible. Large differences existed difference between the calculated effective box length compare to lb. From the experimental evidence and analysis, we don’t except the particle in a box model to be an appropriate one to describe the spectra of cyanine dyes. Since the errors in the ? max are not normally distributed experimental errors.Work Citedhttp://homepages. gac. edu/~anienow/CHE-372/Labs/Example. pdf http://homepages. gac. edu/~anienow/CHE-372a/Labs/Conjugated%20Dyesa. pdf